The Theory of Plate Tectonics: From Wegener to Modern Geodynamics
Tracing the evolution of plate tectonics from Alfred Wegener's continental drift hypothesis to the unified theory that revolutionized Earth sciences in the 1960s.
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Subduction Zones and the Pacific Ring of Fire
How convergent plate boundaries generate volcanic arcs, deep-sea trenches, and some of the most powerful seismic events on Earth.
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Seafloor Spreading and Divergent Boundaries
Exploring the mechanisms behind mid-ocean ridge systems, magnetic striping, and the continuous creation of new oceanic crust.
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Transform Faults and Strike-Slip Earthquakes
Understanding lateral plate movement, stress accumulation, and the geological significance of major transform boundaries like the San Andreas.
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Pangaea, Rodinia, and the Supercontinent Cycle
How plate tectonics has assembled and shattered supercontinents over hundreds of millions of years, shaping climate, biodiversity, and geological records.
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Mantle Convection: The Engine of Plate Motion
Investigating the thermal and rheological processes in Earth's mantle that drive lithospheric plates, including slab pull and ridge push mechanisms.